Penetration Testing
Definition
Penetration testing (pen testing) is an authorized, controlled simulated cyberattack against an organization's systems, applications, or networks to identify security vulnerabilities that could be exploited by malicious actors. Unlike vulnerability scanning, which identifies potential weaknesses, penetration testing actively attempts to exploit them to demonstrate real-world impact and risk.
Types of Penetration Tests
External Network Penetration Test
Tests internet-facing systems and services for vulnerabilities that external attackers could exploit. Covers firewalls, web servers, email gateways, and publicly accessible services.
Internal Network Penetration Test
Simulates an insider threat or post-compromise scenario. Tests what an attacker could access from within the network after gaining initial access.
Web Application Penetration Test
Targets web applications for vulnerabilities such as SQL injection, cross-site scripting, authentication bypass, and authorization flaws. Follows OWASP testing methodology.
Social Engineering Test
Tests the human element through phishing campaigns, pretexting, or physical access attempts. Evaluates security awareness training effectiveness.
Wireless Penetration Test
Evaluates wireless network security including encryption strength, rogue access points, and authentication mechanisms.
Compliance Requirements
PCI-DSS Requirement 11.4 mandates annual penetration testing and retesting after significant changes
SOC 2 expects regular penetration testing as part of security criteria for identifying and addressing vulnerabilities
ISO 27001 includes penetration testing as part of technical vulnerability management (A.8.8)
HIPAA does not explicitly require pen testing but it is an industry best practice for risk analysis
CMMC requires vulnerability scanning and expects organizations to test security mechanisms
Penetration test reports should include findings, risk ratings, exploitation evidence, and remediation recommendations