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Glossary Term

Audit Trail

Definition

An audit trail is a chronological record of system activities that provides documentary evidence of the sequence of activities affecting operations, procedures, or data. Audit trails enable the reconstruction of events, support forensic investigation, and demonstrate compliance by showing who did what, when, and from where.

What Should Be Logged

Authentication events -- successful and failed login attempts, password changes, MFA events

Authorization events -- access grants, permission changes, privilege escalation

Data access -- reads, writes, modifications, and deletions of sensitive data

System changes -- configuration modifications, software installations, patch applications

Administrative actions -- user account creation, role assignments, policy changes

Security events -- firewall actions, intrusion detection alerts, malware detections

Application events -- business-critical transactions, error conditions, API calls

Framework Requirements

PCI-DSS

Requirement 10 mandates comprehensive logging of all access to cardholder data with automated audit trails, daily log reviews, and 12-month retention.

HIPAA

The Security Rule requires audit controls that record and examine activity on systems containing ePHI. Log review is an addressable specification.

SOC 2

Logging and monitoring is a common criteria requirement for detecting unauthorized access and anomalous activity.

ISO 27001

Annex A control A.8.15 requires event logging with protection against tampering and unauthorized access to logs.

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